Emissions of Criteria and Non-Criteria Pollutants by a Flex-Fuel Motorcycle

Monitoring Systems for Non-criteria Pollutants

Criteria air pollutants and toxic air pollutants.

This review presents a brief overview of the health effects and exposures of two criteria pollutants--ozone and particulate matter--and two toxic air pollutants--benzene and formaldehyde. These pollutants were selected from the six criteria pollutants and from the 189 toxic air pollutants on the basis of their prevalence in the United States, their physicochemical behavior, and the magnitude of...

Criteria Pollutants and Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted from Motorcycle Exhaust under Various Regulation Phases

Establishment of emission standards is an important measure for controlling vehicle exhaust. This study examined the emission factors of air pollutants from 40 four-stroke motorcycles of various emission standard phases, ages, and mileage. Based on the emission standards, the motorcycles were divided into three groups (Phases III, IV and V). Regulated air pollutants (CO, HC, and NOx), CO2, and ...

Associations between criteria air pollutants and asthma.

The evidence that asthma is increasing in prevalence is becoming increasingly compelling. This trend has been demonstrated not only in the United States, but also in the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Australia, and several other Western countries. In the United States, the increase is largest in the group under 18 years of age. There is mounting evidence that certain environmental air pollutants...

Multi-Criteria Fuel Distribution: A Case Study

In this paper a multi-criteria fuel distribution problem similar to the common CVRP is considered with the real-life coordinates of gas stations obtained from a certain petrol company. The optimized criteria are the total distance of all tours and the number of tours. A certain method of solution representation, which ensures a feasible solution was used along a decoding scheme. A simulated ann...